Values in words: Using language to evaluate and understand personal values. We developed language-based value algorithms that were applied to K Facebook status updates that predicted value-based behaviors better than self-reported values.
Chung, C. Revealing dimensions of thinking in open-ended self-descriptions: An automated meaning extraction method for natural language. Journal of Research in Personality , 46, By using a factor analytic method on content-related words, it is possible to extract meaning from samples of text files. These language dimensions are linked to personality. Cohn, M. Linguistic markers of psychological change surrounding September 11, Psychological Science, 15 , An analysis of over people who wrote online journals in the weeks before and after September Davison, K.
P, Pennebaker, J. Who talks? The social psychology of illness support groups. American Psychologist, 55 , An analysis of internet and real world support groups for 20 different diseases. Ireland, M. Language style matching predicts relationship initiation and stability.
Psychological Science , online version, December 13, Two studies demonstrate that language style matching in the natural conversation of couples in speed dating predicts future dating behavior and, in instant messaging between young dating couples, predicts the stability of the relationship three months later. Jordan, K. Examining long-term trends in politics and culture through language of political leaders and cultural institutions.
The analysis of the language of political leaders in the U. Trump is not the outlier many believed. Kacewicz, E. Pronoun use reflects standings in social hierarchies.
Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 33, Five studies demonstrate that high status people use I-words less and you-words and we-words more than lower-status individuals.
The actual program can be purchased from www. However, the two manuals are available here:. Mehl, M. The social dynamics of a cultural upheaval: Social interactions surrounding September 11, Psychological Science, 14, An analysis of 11 people who wore the EAR prior to and for 10 days after September Are women really more talkative than men?
Science, , Across six EAR studies with college students in the U. Newman, M. Gender differences in language use: An analysis of 14, text samples. Discourse Processes , 45, Women and men use langauge differently and talk about different things. Women use words that reflect social concerns; men refer to more concrete objects and impersonal topics. Lying words: Predicting deception from linguistic style. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29 , Truth-tellers use more 1st person singular words, markers of cognitive complexity, and fewer negative emotion words.
Pennebaker, J. Hints on running a writing experiment. Unpublished manual. This is a general how-to manual that will help the individual in designing a disclosure experiment -- with particular attention to measurement. Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process.
Psychological Science, 8 , A brief overview of the nature of the writing paradigm and its effects on physical health. The psychology of physical symptoms. New York: Springer-Verlag. Warning: This is very large file since it is the entire book that is now out of print.
Social physics: The metaphorical application of principles of physics to social behavior. Unpublished manuscript, University of Texas at Austin. A short position paper about the idea of social physics. The central idea is that the ways humans and other organisms use space can be modeled by applying Newtonian rules of gravity, mass, motion, etc. Confronting a traumatic event: Toward an understanding of inhibition and disease. Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 95 , The first experiment on expressive writing.
A classic. Expressive writing and its links to mental and physical health. Friedman Ed. New York , NY : Oxford. A general summary of expressive writing research. When small words foretell academic success: The case of college admissions essays. Introduces the CDI or categorical-dynamic index to predict grade point average from admissions essays four years later. Making history: Social and psychological processes underlying collective memory.
Wertsch and P. Boyer Eds. New York: Cambridge University Press. An analysis of the ways major cultural events are remembered, forgotten, and changed in the days, weeks, years, and decades after their occurrence. Daily online testing in large classes: Boosting college performance while reducing achievement gaps. An in-class online software system was developed that allowed for students to take daily class benchmark quzzes.
In comparison with traditionally-taught and graded exams by the same instructors, students performed better in the psychology class as well as the other classes they took that semester and the subsequent semester. Differences in the performance of upper-middle and lower-middle class students were reduced. Disclosure of traumas and immune function: Health implications for psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56 , The first writing study to demonstrate that disclosure of emotional upheavals can influence immune function.
Linguistic styles: Language use as an individual difference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77 , A series of studies that reveal how language use reflects personality, health, and social behaviors.
Psychological aspects of natural language use: Our words, our selves. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, A general review of text analysis approaches in the social sciences -- with primary attention to word count strategies. This extensive literature review also summarizes work linking pronouns, prepositions, and other particles to social, personality, and clinical psychology. The social psychology of history: Defining the most important events of the last 10, , and years.
Psicologia Politica, 32 , A summary of a large cross-cultural project wherein students reported on significant national and cultural events. Petrie, K. The things we said today: A linguistic analysis of the Beatles.
Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 2 , Ramirez-Esparza, N. Do bilinguals have two personalities? A special case of frame switching. Journal of Research in Personality. When bilinguals switch languages, their personalities subtly change.
Roberts, T. Women's and men's strategies in perceiving internal state. Zanna Ed. New York: Academic Press. Women and men perceive their bodies, symptoms, and physical health differently. We propose that women rely more on external situational cues relative to men.
Shah, M. Climate denial fuels climate change discussions more than local climate-related disasters. Frontiers in Psychology , August, 26, The subReddits of six U.
Rates of climate change discussion were higher in response to national political events associated with climate-denying movements than in response to climate-related events in their own communities. Seraj, S. Language left behind on social media exposes the emotional and cognitive costs of a romantic breakup.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Science , February 16, , 7 e An analysis of the Reddit postings of over 6, people who underwent emotional breakups. Clues from their written language pointed to impending breakups 3 months before they occurred and showed emotional aftereffects for more than six months afterwards.
Slatcher, R. How do I love thee? Let me count the words: The social effects of expressive writing. Psychological Science, 17, A study using expressive writing that finds that people who write about their relationship are more likely to remain in that relationship. Also, the analysis of Instant Messages IMs finds that certain word-use patterns correlates with relationship success. Tausczik, Y. The psychological meaning of words: LIWC and computerized text analysis methods.
Journal of Language and Social Psychology , 29 , A broad summary of the LIWC dimensions and how they are related to various psychological states. A must read for the LIWC researcher. Improving teamwork using real-time language feedback. Small online working groups received real-time feedback based on computer analyses of their language use.
Tellakat, M. How do online learners study? This practical resource features over 1, figures, photos, and examples. Designed to be used as a companion guide to the NEC itself, this on-the-job reference is arranged in code order, so the explanation for any topic lines up exactly with the applicable section in the code.
You will gain access to straightforward, ready-to-apply code clarification, enabling you to work efficiently and safely and achieve full compliance. You will get discussions of the rationale behind specific rules that enhances your understanding of both meaning and application. This handbook features thousands of detailed diagrams and photos as well as in-depth discussions regarding controversial wording and actual errors, together with possible approaches to discussions with inspectors regarding how to cope with these issues.
This book is not published by NFPA, and is therefore free to confront such topics head on. The book does not reproduce the Code, and therefore every column inch is devoted to explaining its provisions. You will get straightforward clarification of obtuse rules and vague language, enabling you to work efficiently and safely—and to achieve full compliance. Offering the most pertinent, up-to-date information used by electricians, including: updated NEC code and table change information, mathematical formulas, NEMA wiring configurations, conduit bending guide, ampacity and conduit fill information, transformer and control circuit wiring diagrams, and conversion tables.
The edition of this trusted Code presents the latest comprehensive regulations for electrical wiring, overcurrent protection, grounding, and installation of equipment. Medical Instrumentation Author : John G. This model also is directly useful as a treatment planning instrument. It enables an identification of actions to be taken to alter systemic attributes and the nature of inter-systemic relationships, in order to establish an optimal goodness of fit between person and situation, or between the client system and its milieu.
This means altering direct- ionaltendencies, such as perception, decision-making, role performance; and external linkages, such as definitions of one's life situation. One then can choose from alternative objectives, levels, strategies, and tac- tics of intervention to formulate an interventive plan. Because an ecological approach to intervention is multi-factorial and is addressed to systemic attributes and intersystem relationships, social workers have been encouraged to develop and utilize a strong and varied repertoire of assessment instruments and helping interventions.
Ile now make use of a wide range of strategies, roles, and techniques, through which to work with a person, a family, a work situation, a neighborhood organization, a welfare service system. We are less apt now to select cases or program tasks, or to define problems, so as to suit narrow methods or techniques. It is in accord with the requirements of an ecological systems model of practice that new forms of service and manpower patterns have appeared.
Comprehensive, systemic approaches to programs and cases need social work and inter-disciplinary teams with many different kinds of knowledge and skills. As Carol Meyer has pointed out, "A systems perspective per- mits the argument that imaginative use and deployment of manpower teams The framework makes possible imaginative uses of all levels of manpower There also is an increas- ing emphasis on an enriched use of volunteers, and on the development of, and assistance to, self-help and natural support groups.
Systems analysts assume that all systems are similar, but actually there are important differences between a person and a work organization, between the design of aerospace hardware and of a social service pro- gram, between mediating a national labor dispute and a marital conflict. As Robert Leighninger observes, systems theorists "do not have a ter- ribly impressive track record," considering such examples as the War in Vietnam, or the Pentagon's cost-benefit planning for military equipment.
We can note here a tendency on the part of systems theorists to over- estimate the rationality of human beings and particularly of decision- making and problem-solving in organizational behavior.
Thus, there is an effort to impose an unrealistic kind of rational image upon organiza- tional life. There is increasing evidence that our communities and our bureaucracies, including the universities and the military services, actually are "organized anarchies.
The pretense to rational administration is associated with a use of systems models, particularly in industry, that has operated to exacer- bate certain establishment tendencies.
One pernicious trend has been the increase in bureaucratic, centralized control, with power placed in the hands of "systems-experts" rather than managers, with escalated costs due to overstaffing of non-productive personnel and to reams of paperwork. Another difficulty posed by the systems model is the assumption that systemic components are so interdependent that impactful intervention at some crucial point should affect other' elements,. We do not have many more points of entry and levels of intervention into systems, with individuals, dyads, families, groups, organizations, communities, etc.
Also, we do not know how to control the con- sequences so that they consistently follow predictions and have positive, constructive results, in the immediate, as well as in the long-term, future.
Unintended and negative consequences are a common result of planned systemic change programs, as in the classic example of how street gangs were weaned from gang warfare against each other, yet wound up addicted to drugs.
One result has been the use of systems theory to justify a generalist kind of social work practice, and for practi- tioners to believe that they need to be, and to be equally expert as, social planners, family therapists, community organizers, psychothera- pists, etc. The result of such grandiose pretensions has been an increasing disenchantment of service agencies and of the public with the insubstantial rhetoric and lack of competence in the effective provision of basic social services that is exhibited by many mental health and social service practitioners.
A more recent reaction has been the scaling down of claims for a generalist practice, and a recogni- tion of valued specializations and of individual talents to be confirmed within service teams. But without a value system that can give it constructive direction and purpose, it will lack meaning, will not motivate its members productively, and therefore will follow an entropic course into stagnation and decline.
The popularity of systems theory has been associated with a prevailing adversary, competitive culture and a dominant value system that features prominently a narcissistic hedonism, individualistic autonomy and freedom, and materialistic achievement. This kind of personalist, hedonistic value system - that gives primacy to self-actualization, autonomy, and present gratification - is also accepted and endorsed by many social workers.
It appears to underlie certain harmful aspects of social work practice, a fact that now is being openly discussed and criticized. Glasser and Glasser, for example, charge that social system theory, as applied in social work, has focused on family functions for the good of individual members with a neglect of the needs of the society and of a proper balance between them.
The Dialectic of Stability and Change The criticism of systems theory as reinforcing the maintenance of the status-quo is at variance with the use bf systems theory by radicals and reformists, who characteristically proclaim the need to reform and ,,change the whole system. He spoke of the "capitalist system," and apparently did use a systems analytic model as a basis for developing his theory of historical materialism, and for his view of the key subsystem of economic produc- tion.
This is well argued by McQuarie and Maburgey, who also find that Marx conceived of the key system elements as the economic forces and social relations of production, and the political-cultural superstruc- tures and forms of consciousness in a society which are derived from them. Social change was viewed by Marx as taking place as a result of the dialectical process concerning these inherent contra- dictions and resultant class conflicts.
In addition, Marx and Engels were committed to what we now call an ecological systems conception of man in relation to fellow man and to nature, as is well demonstrated by Howard Parsons. They viewed and affirmed man in dialectical relations with nature, whereby each reciprocally creates and transforms the other. Their vision of a comunistic society encompassed a "socialist ecology," to use Parsons' phrase, in which there would be "real human freedom" in a harmony between man and nature.
As a result, there. In addition to ance, and of adaptive change, for individuals and social systems. The dialectical life which negates and affirms. The ecological model thus can subsume structural-functionalist synergistic relationships and productive tlansactions. As Marx and Engels said of this process, rrin revolutionary interventive forns, so that these were and are integrati-ve, meliorating, activity the changing of oneself coincides l4rith the changing of protective and controlling, as well as consciousness-raising and opposi- circumstances.
Its societal tasks call upon the social worker to be One inportant function of social work, essential to the dialectical a social conscience, a noral and educative agent' an advocate and social process, is to aid people with their difficulties around liaison for the dependent and deviant, a caretaker and social reformer. It represents a potentiation of essential tendencies for de- bility and change, toward a jult, pluralistic and integrated, peaceful, velopment and change, and thus a potentiation and anplification as well comnunal society.
In mediating deviance- control processes in our society, social workers are concerned to help people achieve constructive outcornes. They are norn-senders and rule enforcers as well as notm-changers and value stretchers.
In addition to a characteristic person-in-situation perspective, social. By its very nature, then, social work practice is a Draxis, a union of practical, instruzmental theory and practice, through which social workers act and intervene to help people consciously shape their life conditions and history, to change both their consciousness and their reality.
As Marx and Engels said of this process, "in revolutionary activity the changing of oneself coincides with the changing of circumstances. It aims to effect change in person and situation and in their trans- actional relationships for an optimal and equitable exchange balance, as well as to help people "achieve at one and the same time their own and society's betterment. Its societal tasks call upon the social worker to be a social conscience, a moral and educative agent, an advocate and liaison for the dependent and deviant, a caretaker and social reformer.
To be influential and effective in accomplishing them, and to have public legitimation and support, social authority and resourcesf social workers need to be highly credible, unified, and competent. They are required to provide efficient and beneficial social services, and to present expertly organized and persuasive evidence of unmet needs and for requisite changes in social welfare policies and programs.
Social workers therefore need to understand and to utilize both control and reform types of strategies, principles, and procedures, as they are appropriate in helping situations.
Social work practice needs both conservative and radical contributions. We note, however, that the contributions of the establishment-practice approaches have for a long time been extensive and predominant. Part of the appeal of establishment- oriented psychoanalytic and behaviorist approaches has been the opera- tional, technical, and thereby useable, nature of their practice theories and procedures.
These approaches and procedures actually are as capable of application for social reformist purposes, and they merit such a development. It is only now that radical, social-provision, and reformist social workers are beginning to translate ideological rhetoric into the develop- ment of specific, realistic, operational theory, principles and pro- cedures. The lessons and advances of what was effective social work practice during earlier social reform eras are valuable but as yet neglected resources.
It is from current perspectives that Leonard declares, "viewing social structures in terms of systems is not necessarily a means of justifying them," and he urges the use of systems theory to understand and change existing institutions. We need here to recognize that many truly radical social work programs are developed and implemented without a "radical" label, such as a number of effective systems-based projects that have been realized in public welfare, industrial, health, and other institutional organiza- tions and settings.
An intellectual and attitudinal openitess is needed to clarify and resolve what are presently confused and controversial matters: for example, about what are appropriate and effective moral and political roles consistent with the social work profession's social contract and mission, and with the professional, agency.
Conclusions In this analysis of ecological systems theory, of its advantages and disadvantages, it is evident that these refer to their usages and applications, much more than to the inherent nature of the theory or model itself. We observed that the ecological systems model has advanced the evolution of systems theory and therefore of basic social work practice theory. It is meeting social work perspectives and purposes and its present contributions outweigh its limitations.
Social work is a societal instrument that serves people in their efforts to maintain, restore and enhance their individual and col- lective social functioning and that mediates dialectical social con- trol and deviance-change processes. Ecological systems theory is such a general meta-theory, one that provides for the many, and at times contradictory, purposes and activities of social workers. It constitutes an essential element of the generic core of social work knowledge, of its common person-in- situation and dialectical perspective, and of its basic helping approach.
It supports the social work assessment and interventive focus on people transacting with others in their situational milieu, utilizing inner and external resources to develop and to function well. From this base, social work practice has developed and adapted a variety of specialized helping models and approaches.
The ecological model itself is not a helping approach per se, although in recent years it has been conceptualized at less abstract and more operational levels, and we have identified certain behavior and practice principles that have emerged.
However, ecological systems theory will continue to be used primarily as a framework for a complex and changing set of theories and models needed for the ever-evolving nature of social work practice.
The current awareness of the sharp conflict in the social work value system - between individualistic, self-fulfillment orientations and the socially responsible, altruistic orientations - should help us arrive at new balances and syntheses of ethical and value positions, more in keeping with current reality needs. Social workers then can be of better help to clients with such value dilemmas and conflicts. The ecological systems model, by implication, gives priority to certain values: social integration and constructive conflict; a harmonious interdependence of parts that includes apparent contradictions or com- petition for resources; a goodness of fit between sub-system needs and competencies; a balanced complementarity of resource exchange that makes for reciprocity, mutual aid, and mutual need-meeting.
Ecological systems theory can provide support for the mediating func- tion of social work in regard to the dialectical forces of social stability-control and social deviance-change, and in furthering the processes of social evolution.
The predominant use of systems theory has seemed to favor the control-care responsibilities of practice, although the social-provision, radical, and reformist responsibilities have recently and currently been given more attention. Social work needs both control and reform types of strategies, principles, and procedures, including from conservative and Marxist persuasions.
Ecological systems theory not only expresses a traditional social work orientation to man and nature, but it now can support a conception of social work practice as a praxis, as an instrumental theory and practice to help people shape their history and life conditions, and to change both their consciousness and their reality.
Such a conception of social work practice makes use of the ecological system as a metaphor and symbol for a social work utopian vision of good people in a right, just, democratic society. It is such a symbol that is needed at present in social work to help us resolve current value and ideological conflicts, and to advance the effectiveness of social work practice. It can enable social work as a profession to regain its esteemed and central place in society's effort to enhance the quality of individual and social welfare.
References: 1. For historical accounts, see: Robert D. Leighninger, Jr. Jesse F. Bernard, ed. Steiner, op. Burgess, "The Social Survey," American Journal of Sociology, , , present the influence of the social survey movement on the development of sociological "human ecology. Mary E. It is noteworthy that prior to Richmond experimented with drawings of a family and its milieu, what are now called "ecomaps.
Ada E. Florence Hollis, Casework, 2d ed. Francis J.
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